feat(backend): file-scoped content tokens for media URLs

Opening an original by URL (?access_token=) baked in the 15-minute access
token, so a long video opened in a new tab stopped streaming once that token
expired mid-playback: the access token can't be refreshed in an already-opened
tab, and its next Range request 401'd.

Add a content token: a signed, single-file capability (typ=content, fid claim)
with its own longer TTL (CONTENT_TOKEN_TTL, default 6h) and — crucially — no
session id, so it survives refresh rotation and outlives the short access TTL.
POST /files/:id/content-token mints one after the same view-ACL check content
serving does; GET /files/:id/content now runs under content-aware auth that
accepts either a normal access token or a content token scoped to that file.
View permission is still enforced against the token's user, so the token only
changes when a file may be read by URL, never which files. It's a bearer
capability for that one file until expiry, hence the bounded, configurable TTL.

Co-Authored-By: Claude Opus 4.8 <noreply@anthropic.com>

backend/cmd/server/main.go

@@ -79,6 +79,7 @@ func main() {
 		cfg.JWTSecret,
 		cfg.JWTAccessTTL,
 		cfg.JWTRefreshTTL,
+		cfg.ContentTokenTTL,
 	)
 	aclSvc := service.NewACLService(aclRepo, fileRepo, tagRepo, categoryRepo, poolRepo, transactor)
 	auditSvc := service.NewAuditService(auditRepo)
@@ -106,7 +107,7 @@ func main() {
 	// Handlers
 	authMiddleware := handler.NewAuthMiddleware(authSvc)
 	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(authSvc)
-	fileHandler := handler.NewFileHandler(fileSvc, tagSvc, cfg.MaxUploadBytes)
+	fileHandler := handler.NewFileHandler(fileSvc, tagSvc, authSvc, cfg.MaxUploadBytes)
 	tagHandler := handler.NewTagHandler(tagSvc, fileSvc)
 	categoryHandler := handler.NewCategoryHandler(categorySvc)
 	poolHandler := handler.NewPoolHandler(poolSvc)

backend/internal/config/config.go

@@ -18,6 +18,13 @@ type Config struct {
 	JWTSecret     string
 	JWTAccessTTL  time.Duration
 	JWTRefreshTTL time.Duration
+	// ContentTokenTTL is how long a content token stays valid. The token is a
+	// single-file capability used to open or stream an original by URL (e.g. a
+	// long video in a new tab); it is deliberately longer-lived than the access
+	// token and independent of the session, so playback survives access-token
+	// expiry and refresh rotation. Keep it only as long as a viewing session
+	// plausibly lasts — it is a bearer credential for that one file until expiry.
+	ContentTokenTTL time.Duration
 	// TrustedProxies lists the reverse-proxy hops (CIDRs or IPs) whose
 	// X-Forwarded-For header is trusted. The auth rate limiter keys on the
 	// client IP, so this must match the proxy in front of the app — otherwise
@@ -139,6 +146,8 @@ func Load() (*Config, error) {
 		JWTAccessTTL:  parseDuration("JWT_ACCESS_TTL", "15m"),
 		JWTRefreshTTL: parseDuration("JWT_REFRESH_TTL", "720h"),
 
+		ContentTokenTTL: parseDuration("CONTENT_TOKEN_TTL", "6h"),
+
 		TrustedProxies: parseCSV("TRUSTED_PROXIES", "127.0.0.1/32,::1/128,172.16.0.0/12"),
 
 		AdminUsername: defaultStr("ADMIN_USERNAME", "admin"),

backend/internal/handler/file_handler.go

@@ -22,13 +22,14 @@ import (
 type FileHandler struct {
 	fileSvc        *service.FileService
 	tagSvc         *service.TagService
+	authSvc        *service.AuthService
 	maxUploadBytes int64
 }
 
 // NewFileHandler creates a FileHandler. maxUploadBytes caps the size of an
-// uploaded or replacement file.
-func NewFileHandler(fileSvc *service.FileService, tagSvc *service.TagService, maxUploadBytes int64) *FileHandler {
-	return &FileHandler{fileSvc: fileSvc, tagSvc: tagSvc, maxUploadBytes: maxUploadBytes}
+// uploaded or replacement file. authSvc mints content tokens for media URLs.
+func NewFileHandler(fileSvc *service.FileService, tagSvc *service.TagService, authSvc *service.AuthService, maxUploadBytes int64) *FileHandler {
+	return &FileHandler{fileSvc: fileSvc, tagSvc: tagSvc, authSvc: authSvc, maxUploadBytes: maxUploadBytes}
 }
 
 // formFileLimited reads the "file" multipart field while bounding how many bytes
@@ -383,6 +384,38 @@ func (h *FileHandler) SoftDelete(c *gin.Context) {
 	c.Status(http.StatusNoContent)
 }
 
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// POST /files/:id/content-token
+// ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// CreateContentToken mints a short-lived, single-file capability token the
+// client can put in a content URL's access_token query parameter to open or
+// stream the original by link (e.g. a long video in a new tab) without the URL
+// dying when the 15-minute access token expires. It first enforces view
+// permission via fileSvc.Get, so a token is only issued for a file the caller
+// may actually read.
+func (h *FileHandler) CreateContentToken(c *gin.Context) {
+	id, ok := parseFileID(c)
+	if !ok {
+		return
+	}
+
+	// Authorize (and confirm existence) the same way content serving does.
+	if _, err := h.fileSvc.Get(c.Request.Context(), id); err != nil {
+		respondError(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	userID, isAdmin, _ := domain.UserFromContext(c.Request.Context())
+	token, expiresIn, err := h.authSvc.GenerateContentToken(id.String(), userID, isAdmin)
+	if err != nil {
+		respondError(c, err)
+		return
+	}
+
+	c.JSON(http.StatusOK, gin.H{"token": token, "expires_in": expiresIn})
+}
+
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // GET /files/:id/content
 // ---------------------------------------------------------------------------

backend/internal/handler/middleware.go

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ import (
 	"strings"
 
 	"github.com/gin-gonic/gin"
+	"github.com/google/uuid"
 
 	"tanabata/backend/internal/domain"
 	"tanabata/backend/internal/service"
@@ -50,6 +51,55 @@ func (m *AuthMiddleware) Handle() gin.HandlerFunc {
 	}
 }
 
+// HandleContent authenticates a file-content GET, accepting either a normal
+// access token or a content token scoped (by its fid claim) to the :id in the
+// path. The content token is what keeps a long media stream playing after the
+// short access token would have expired. View permission is still enforced in
+// the handler against the resolved user, so a content token only widens *when*
+// a file may be read by URL, never *which* files.
+func (m *AuthMiddleware) HandleContent() gin.HandlerFunc {
+	return func(c *gin.Context) {
+		token := bearerToken(c)
+		if token == "" {
+			contentUnauthorized(c)
+			return
+		}
+
+		// A regular access token grants access to everything as usual.
+		if claims, err := m.authSvc.ValidateAccessToken(c.Request.Context(), token); err == nil {
+			ctx := domain.WithUser(c.Request.Context(), claims.UserID, claims.IsAdmin, claims.SessionID)
+			c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(ctx)
+			c.Next()
+			return
+		}
+
+		// Otherwise accept a content token minted for exactly this file. Normalise
+		// the path id to canonical form so it matches the minted fid claim.
+		id, err := uuid.Parse(c.Param("id"))
+		if err != nil {
+			contentUnauthorized(c)
+			return
+		}
+		claims, err := m.authSvc.ValidateContentToken(token, id.String())
+		if err != nil {
+			contentUnauthorized(c)
+			return
+		}
+		// A content token carries no session (sid 0); it is session-independent.
+		ctx := domain.WithUser(c.Request.Context(), claims.UserID, claims.IsAdmin, claims.SessionID)
+		c.Request = c.Request.WithContext(ctx)
+		c.Next()
+	}
+}
+
+func contentUnauthorized(c *gin.Context) {
+	c.JSON(http.StatusUnauthorized, errorBody{
+		Code:    domain.ErrUnauthorized.Code(),
+		Message: "invalid or expired token",
+	})
+	c.Abort()
+}
+
 // bearerToken extracts the access token from the Authorization header. As a
 // fallback it accepts an ?access_token= query parameter, but only for GET
 // requests — this lets the browser open media (e.g. /files/{id}/content) via a

backend/internal/handler/router.go

@@ -91,8 +91,9 @@ func NewRouter(
 		files.PATCH("/:id", fileHandler.UpdateMeta)
 		files.DELETE("/:id", fileHandler.SoftDelete)
 
-		files.GET("/:id/content", fileHandler.GetContent)
 		files.PUT("/:id/content", fileHandler.ReplaceContent)
+		// Mints a content token (strict auth) for the GET /:id/content route below.
+		files.POST("/:id/content-token", fileHandler.CreateContentToken)
 		files.GET("/:id/thumbnail", fileHandler.GetThumbnail)
 		files.GET("/:id/preview", fileHandler.GetPreview)
 		files.POST("/:id/views", fileHandler.RecordView)
@@ -106,6 +107,15 @@ func NewRouter(
 		files.DELETE("/:id/tags/:tag_id", tagHandler.FileRemoveTag)
 	}
 
+	// Serving an original is the one read that can outlive a 15-minute access
+	// token — a long video streams via repeated Range requests over many minutes.
+	// So this route alone also accepts a file-scoped content token (see
+	// HandleContent), letting the media URL stay valid for the whole playback.
+	media := v1.Group("/files", auth.HandleContent())
+	{
+		media.GET("/:id/content", fileHandler.GetContent)
+	}
+
 	// -------------------------------------------------------------------------
 	// Tags (all require auth)
 	// -------------------------------------------------------------------------

backend/internal/handler/router_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+package handler
+
+import "testing"
+
+// TestNewRouterRegisters builds the router with typed-nil dependencies to assert
+// route registration itself succeeds. Gin panics on a route conflict (e.g. a
+// duplicated method+path or an inconsistent wildcard name) during registration,
+// before any handler runs — so this catches such mistakes without a database.
+// Handlers are never invoked here; method values on nil pointers are fine.
+func TestNewRouterRegisters(t *testing.T) {
+	r, err := NewRouter(
+		(*AuthMiddleware)(nil), (*AuthHandler)(nil),
+		(*FileHandler)(nil), (*TagHandler)(nil), (*CategoryHandler)(nil), (*PoolHandler)(nil),
+		(*UserHandler)(nil), (*ACLHandler)(nil), (*AuditHandler)(nil),
+		"", nil,
+	)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("NewRouter: %v", err)
+	}
+	if r == nil {
+		t.Fatal("NewRouter returned nil engine")
+	}
+}

backend/internal/integration/server_test.go

@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ func setupSuite(t *testing.T) *harness {
 	transactor := postgres.NewTransactor(pool)
 
 	// --- Services ------------------------------------------------------------
-	authSvc := service.NewAuthService(userRepo, sessionRepo, "test-secret", 15*time.Minute, 720*time.Hour)
+	authSvc := service.NewAuthService(userRepo, sessionRepo, "test-secret", 15*time.Minute, 720*time.Hour, 6*time.Hour)
 	aclSvc := service.NewACLService(aclRepo, fileRepo, tagRepo, categoryRepo, poolRepo, transactor)
 	auditSvc := service.NewAuditService(auditRepo)
 	tagSvc := service.NewTagService(tagRepo, tagRuleRepo, aclSvc, auditSvc, transactor)
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ func setupSuite(t *testing.T) *harness {
 	// --- Handlers ------------------------------------------------------------
 	authMiddleware := handler.NewAuthMiddleware(authSvc)
 	authHandler := handler.NewAuthHandler(authSvc)
-	fileHandler := handler.NewFileHandler(fileSvc, tagSvc, 500<<20)
+	fileHandler := handler.NewFileHandler(fileSvc, tagSvc, authSvc, 500<<20)
 	tagHandler := handler.NewTagHandler(tagSvc, fileSvc)
 	categoryHandler := handler.NewCategoryHandler(categorySvc)
 	poolHandler := handler.NewPoolHandler(poolSvc)

backend/internal/service/auth_service.go

@@ -20,6 +20,11 @@ import (
 const (
 	tokenTypeAccess  = "access"
 	tokenTypeRefresh = "refresh"
+	// tokenTypeContent is a file-scoped capability for reading one file's
+	// content by URL (originals / media streaming). It is not tied to a session,
+	// so it outlives the short access TTL and refresh rotation — letting a long
+	// video keep playing past access-token expiry.
+	tokenTypeContent = "content"
 )
 
 // dummyPasswordHash is a valid bcrypt hash used to equalise the cost of a login
@@ -34,6 +39,8 @@ type Claims struct {
 	IsAdmin   bool   `json:"adm"`
 	SessionID int    `json:"sid"`
 	TokenType string `json:"typ"`
+	// FileID scopes a content token to a single file; empty on access/refresh.
+	FileID string `json:"fid,omitempty"`
 }
 
 // TokenPair holds an issued access/refresh token pair with the access TTL.
@@ -50,6 +57,7 @@ type AuthService struct {
 	secret     []byte
 	accessTTL  time.Duration
 	refreshTTL time.Duration
+	contentTTL time.Duration
 }
 
 // NewAuthService creates an AuthService.
@@ -59,6 +67,7 @@ func NewAuthService(
 	jwtSecret string,
 	accessTTL time.Duration,
 	refreshTTL time.Duration,
+	contentTTL time.Duration,
 ) *AuthService {
 	return &AuthService{
 		users:      users,
@@ -66,6 +75,7 @@ func NewAuthService(
 		secret:     []byte(jwtSecret),
 		accessTTL:  accessTTL,
 		refreshTTL: refreshTTL,
+		contentTTL: contentTTL,
 	}
 }
 
@@ -233,6 +243,53 @@ func (s *AuthService) ValidateAccessToken(ctx context.Context, tokenStr string)
 	return claims, nil
 }
 
+// GenerateContentToken issues a file-scoped capability token authorizing reads of
+// one file's content (originals / media streaming) by URL. Unlike the access
+// token it carries no session and is not validated against one, so it survives
+// refresh rotation and outlives the short access TTL — which is what lets a long
+// video keep playing. It is a bearer credential for that single file until
+// ContentTokenTTL elapses. Returns the signed token and its lifetime in seconds.
+func (s *AuthService) GenerateContentToken(fileID string, userID int16, isAdmin bool) (string, int, error) {
+	jti, err := randomJTI()
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	now := time.Now()
+	claims := Claims{
+		RegisteredClaims: jwt.RegisteredClaims{
+			ID:        jti,
+			IssuedAt:  jwt.NewNumericDate(now),
+			ExpiresAt: jwt.NewNumericDate(now.Add(s.contentTTL)),
+		},
+		UserID:    userID,
+		IsAdmin:   isAdmin,
+		TokenType: tokenTypeContent,
+		FileID:    fileID,
+	}
+	signed, err := s.signClaims(claims)
+	if err != nil {
+		return "", 0, err
+	}
+	return signed, int(s.contentTTL.Seconds()), nil
+}
+
+// ValidateContentToken parses a content token and checks it authorizes fileID.
+// It verifies the signature and expiry (via parseToken), the content token type,
+// and that the embedded file ID matches the requested file — so a token minted
+// for one file cannot read another. It is intentionally session-independent (no
+// session lookup), which is what lets it outlive access-token/session rotation.
+// Per-file view permission is still enforced downstream against the token's user.
+func (s *AuthService) ValidateContentToken(tokenStr, fileID string) (*Claims, error) {
+	claims, err := s.parseToken(tokenStr)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, domain.ErrUnauthorized
+	}
+	if claims.TokenType != tokenTypeContent || claims.FileID != fileID {
+		return nil, domain.ErrUnauthorized
+	}
+	return claims, nil
+}
+
 // issueToken signs a JWT with the given parameters. A random JWT ID guarantees
 // uniqueness even for tokens minted within the same second.
 func (s *AuthService) issueToken(userID int16, isAdmin bool, sessionID int, ttl time.Duration, tokenType string) (string, error) {
@@ -252,6 +309,11 @@ func (s *AuthService) issueToken(userID int16, isAdmin bool, sessionID int, ttl
 		SessionID: sessionID,
 		TokenType: tokenType,
 	}
+	return s.signClaims(claims)
+}
+
+// signClaims signs claims into an HS256 JWT with the service secret.
+func (s *AuthService) signClaims(claims Claims) (string, error) {
 	token := jwt.NewWithClaims(jwt.SigningMethodHS256, claims)
 	signed, err := token.SignedString(s.secret)
 	if err != nil {

backend/internal/service/auth_service_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,80 @@
+package service
+
+import (
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+)
+
+// newContentTokenService builds an AuthService for content-token tests. The
+// content-token methods never touch the user/session repos, so nil is fine.
+func newContentTokenService(contentTTL time.Duration) *AuthService {
+	return NewAuthService(nil, nil, "test-secret", 15*time.Minute, 720*time.Hour, contentTTL)
+}
+
+func TestContentTokenRoundTrip(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newContentTokenService(time.Hour)
+	const fid = "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111"
+
+	tok, expiresIn, err := s.GenerateContentToken(fid, 7, true)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("GenerateContentToken: %v", err)
+	}
+	if expiresIn != int(time.Hour.Seconds()) {
+		t.Fatalf("expires_in = %d, want %d", expiresIn, int(time.Hour.Seconds()))
+	}
+
+	claims, err := s.ValidateContentToken(tok, fid)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatalf("ValidateContentToken: %v", err)
+	}
+	if claims.UserID != 7 || !claims.IsAdmin {
+		t.Fatalf("claims user mismatch: uid=%d adm=%v", claims.UserID, claims.IsAdmin)
+	}
+	if claims.FileID != fid || claims.TokenType != tokenTypeContent {
+		t.Fatalf("claims scope mismatch: fid=%q typ=%q", claims.FileID, claims.TokenType)
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContentTokenRejectsOtherFile(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newContentTokenService(time.Hour)
+	tok, _, err := s.GenerateContentToken("11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111", 7, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	// A token minted for one file must not authorize another.
+	if _, err := s.ValidateContentToken(tok, "22222222-2222-2222-2222-222222222222"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected rejection for a different file id")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContentTokenRejectsAccessToken(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newContentTokenService(time.Hour)
+	// An ordinary access token must not pass as a content token (wrong type).
+	access, err := s.issueToken(7, false, 1, 15*time.Minute, tokenTypeAccess)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := s.ValidateContentToken(access, ""); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected rejection of an access token as a content token")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContentTokenRejectsExpired(t *testing.T) {
+	// Negative TTL → the token is already expired when minted.
+	s := newContentTokenService(-time.Minute)
+	const fid = "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111"
+	tok, _, err := s.GenerateContentToken(fid, 7, false)
+	if err != nil {
+		t.Fatal(err)
+	}
+	if _, err := s.ValidateContentToken(tok, fid); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected rejection of an expired content token")
+	}
+}
+
+func TestContentTokenRejectsGarbage(t *testing.T) {
+	s := newContentTokenService(time.Hour)
+	if _, err := s.ValidateContentToken("not-a-jwt", "11111111-1111-1111-1111-111111111111"); err == nil {
+		t.Fatal("expected rejection of a malformed token")
+	}
+}